STRUCTURE 2

USING ADVERB CLAUSES TO SHOW TIME RELATIONSHIPS

Using adverb clause adalah dependent clause yang berfungsi sebagai adverb (kata keterangan) dan memberikan informasi tentang verb, adjective, atau adverb yang berada pada independent clause dengan kapasitasnya menjawab pertanyaan: how, when, where, why, atau to what degree. 

Adverbial clause dimulai dengan suatu kata yang disebut subordinate conjunction (when, after, because, though, etc). Kata ini berguna untuk menjembatani hubungan dengan independent clause yang diterangkan. Gabungan klausa ini dengan independent clause dinamakan dengan complex sentence, yaitu kalimat yang terdiri dari independent dan satu atau lebih dependent clause.

Macam-macam adverbial clause antara lain: adverbial clause of time (waktu), place (tempat), cause & effect (sebab & akibat), purpose & result (tujuan & hasil), condition (pengandaian), contrast/consession (pertentangan), manner (cara), dan reason (alasan).

Contoh Adverbial Clause:

Complex Sentence	Keterangan
When he cleaned the kitchen, he found a lot of expired food. (Dia membersihkan dapur ketika dia menemukan banyak makanan kadaluarsa.)	When= subordinate conjunction; When he cleaned the kitchen= adverbial clause; he found a lot of expired food= independent clause

1. After
ex:
(a) After she graduates, she will get a job.
(b) After she (had) graduated, she got a job.

2. Before
(c) I will leave before he comes.
(d) I had left before he came.

Notes: A present tense, not a future tense, is used in an adverb clause of time.

3. When = at that time
ex:
(e) When I arrived, he was talking on the phone.
(f) When I got there, he had already left.
(g) When it began to rain, I stood under the tree.
(h) When I was in Chicago, I visited the museums.
(i) When I see him tomorrow, I will ask him.

4. While-As = during that time
ex:
(j) While I was walking home, it began to rain.
(k) As I was walking home, it began to rain.

5. By the time = one event is completed before another event
ex:
(l) By the time he arrived, we had already left
(m) By the time he comes, we will already have left

6. Since = from that time to the present
ex:
(n) I haven't seen him since he left this morning.
Notice: the present perfect tense is used in the main clause

7. Until- till = to that time and then no longer 
ex:
(o) We stayed there until we finished our work.
(p) We stayed there till we finished our work.
Notice:  till is used primarily in speaking rather than writing.

8. As soon as- once = when one event happens, another event happens soon afterwards
(Let's go to the theater first and eat afterwards)
ex:
(q) As soon as it stops raining, we will leave.
(r) Once it stops raining, we will leave.

9. As long as- so long as = during all that time, from beginning to end
ex:
(s) I will never speak to him again as long as I live.
(t)  I will never speak to him again as long as I live. 


10. Whenever = every time
ex:
(u) whenever I see her, I say hello.
(v) Every time I see her, I say hello.

11. The first/ second/ third/ last/ next time
ex:
(w) The first time I went to New York, I went to an opera.
(x) I saw two plays the last time I went to New York.
(y) The next time I go to New York, I'm going to see a ballet.